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Somedude Posted August 14, 2020 Report Share Posted August 14, 2020 12 hours ago, Somedude said: Human reproductive system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Human fertilization. The sperm and ovum unite through fertilization. The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperm; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect and nourich the fetus until birth. Humans have a high level of sexual differentiation. In addition to differences in nearly every reproductive organ, there are numerous differences in typical secondary sex characteristics. Human reproduction usually involves internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. In this process, the male inserts his penis into the female's vagina and ejaculates semen, which contains sperm. A small proportion of the sperm pass through the cervix into the uterus, and then into the Fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Only one sperm is required to fertilize the ovum. Upon successful fertilization, the fertilized ovum, or zygote, travels out of the fallopian tube and into the uterus, where it implants in the uterine wall. This marks the beginning of gestation, better known as pregnancy, which continues for around nine months as the foetus develops. When the foetus has developed to a certain point, pregnancy is concluded with childbirth, involving labor. During labor, the muscles of the uterus contract and the cervix dilates over the course of hours, and the baby passes out of the vagina. Human infants are completely dependant on their caregivers, and require high levels of parental care. Infants rely on their caregivers for comfort, cleanliness, and food. Food may be provided by breastfeeding or formula feeding.[1] Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Male 1.2 Female 2 Development 3 Reproduction 3.1 Production of gametes 4 Disease 5 References Structure Male Main article: Human male reproductive system Male reproductive system The male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside the body and around the pelvis region of a male that contribute towards the reproduction process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male sperm for fertilization of the ovum. Penile shrinkage due to low temperatures. The scrotum is in a tense state to regulate testicular temperatures. The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. The first category produces and stores sperm (spermatozoa). These are produced in the testes, which are housed in the temperature-regulating scrotum; immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage. The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing glands which include the Cowper's gland (also called bulbo-urethral gland), seminal vesicles, prostate, and vas deferens. The final category are those used for copulation and deposition of the sperm within the female; these include the penis, urethra, and vas deferens. Major secondary sexual characteristics include: larger, more muscular stature, deepened voice, facial and body hair, broad shoulders, and development of an Adam's apple. An important sexual hormone of males is androgen, and particularly testosterone. The testes release a hormone that controls the development of sperm. This hormone is also responsible for the development of physical characteristics in men such as facial hair and a deep voice. Female Main article: Human female reproductive system Female reproductive system The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside the body and around the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vulva, which leads to the vagina, the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the uterus, which holds the developing fetus; and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The breasts are involved during the parenting stage of reproduction, but in most classifications they are not considered to be part of the female reproductive system. Female genitalia The vagina meets the outside at the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and urethra; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the Bartholin's glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the Fallopian tubes. Each ovary contains hundreds of egg cells or ova (singular ovum). Approximately every 28 days, the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow. One ovum is released and it passes through the Fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of menstruation. If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, it attaches to the endometrium and the fetus develops. Development Main article: Development of the reproductive system The development of the reproductive system and the development of the urinary system are closely tied in with the development of the human fetus. Despite the differences between the adult female and male are derived from the intermediate mesoderm.[clarification needed][no main verb] The three main fetal precursors of the reproductive organs are the Wolffian duct, the Müllerian ducts, and the gonads. Endocrine hormones are a well-known and critical controlling factor in the normal differentiation of the reproductive system.[2] The Wolffian duct forms the epididymis, vas deferens, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicle in the male reproductive system, but essentially disappears in the female reproductive system. The reverse is true for the Müllerian duct, as it essentially disappears in the male reproductive system and forms the Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female system. In both sexes the gonads go on to form the testes and ovaries; because they are derived from the same undeveloped structure, they are considered homologous organs. There are a number of other homologous structures shared between male and female reproductive systems. However, despite the similarity in function of the female Fallopian tubes and the male epididymis and vas deferens, they are not homologous but rather analogous structures as they arise from different fetal structures. Reproduction Further information: Human reproduction Production of gametes Main articles: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Gametes are produced within the gonads through a process known as gametogenesis. This occurs when certain types of germ cells undergo meiosis to split the normal diploid number of chromosomes (n=46) into haploid cells containing only 23 chromosomes.[3] Anatomy of the testis In males, this process is known as spermatogenesis, and takes place only after puberty in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The immature spermatozoa or sperm are then sent to the epididymis, where they gain a tail, enabling motility. Each of the original diploid germ cells or primary spermatocytes forms four functional gametes which is each forever young[clarification needed]. The production and survival of sperms require a temperature below the normal core body temperature. Since the scrotum, where the testes is present, is situated outside the body cavity, it provides a temperature about 3 °C below normal body temperature. Anatomy of the ovary In females, gametogenesis is known as oogenesis; this occurs in the ovarian follicles of the ovaries. This process does not produce mature ovum until puberty. In contrast with males, each of the original diploid germ cells or primary oocytes will form only one mature ovum, and three polar bodies which are not capable of fertilization. It has long been understood that in females, unlike males, all of the primary oocytes ever found in a female will be created prior to birth, and that the final stages of ova production will then not resume until puberty.[3] However, recent scientific research has challenged that hypothesis.[4] This new research indicates that in at least some species of mammal, oocytes continue to be replenished in females well after birth.[5] Disease Main article: Reproductive system disease Like all complex organ systems, the human reproductive system is affected by many diseases. There are four main categories of reproductive diseases in humans. They are: genetic or congenital abnormalities, cancers, infections, which are often sexually transmitted diseases, functional problems caused by environmental factors, physical damage, psychological issues, autoimmune disorders, or other causes. The best-known functional problems include sexual dysfunction and infertility, which are both broad terms relating to many disorders with many causes. Specific reproductive diseases are often symptoms of other diseases and disorders, or have multiple, or unknown causes making them difficult to classify. Examples of unclassifiable disorders are Peyronie's disease in males and endometriosis in females. Many congenital conditions cause reproductive abnormalities, but are better known for their other symptoms. These include: Turner syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, and Bloom syndrome.[6] References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human reproductive system. Sexual Reproduction in Humans. 2006. John W. Kimball. Kimball's Biology Pages, and online textbook. EDRI Federal Project Inventory: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Abnormal Reproductive Development US EPA. Dr. William R. Kelce. 2006. Development of sex cells Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine in Reproductive system, Body Guide. Adam. Tilly JL, Niikura Y, Rueda BR (August 2008). "The Current Status of Evidence for and Against Postnatal Oogenesis in Mammals: A Case of Ovarian Optimism Versus Pessimism?". Biol. Reprod. 80 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.069088. PMC 2804806. PMID 18753611. Johnson J, Canning J, Kaneko T, Pru JK, Tilly JL (March 2004). "Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary". Nature. 428 (6979): 145–50. doi:10.1038/nature02316. PMID 15014492. Genetic Conditions > Reproductive system. 2007. Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. v t e Human systems and organs v t e Human physiology of sexual reproduction Authority control TA98: A09.0.00.000 Categories: Human reproductive system Human anatomy Reproductive system Sexual reproduction Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Беларуская Euskara Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2020, at 14:22 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Fallopian tube From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Fallopian tubes) Jump to navigation Jump to search This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (March 2015) Fallopian tube Uterus and fallopian tubes Cross-section of Fallopian tube, stained and viewed under microscope Details SystemReproductive system Arterytubal branches of ovarian artery, tubal branch of uterine artery via mesosalpinx Lymphlumbar lymph nodes Identifiers LatinTuba uterina GreekSalpinx MeSHD005187 TAA09.1.02.001 FMA18245 Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata] The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or salpinges (singular salpinx), are tubes that stretch from the uterus to the ovaries, and are part of the female reproductive system. The fertilized egg passes through the Fallopian tubes from the ovaries of female mammals to the uterus. The Fallopian tubes is simple columnar epithelium with hair-like extensions called cilia which carry the fertilized egg. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the equivalent of a Fallopian tube is an oviduct. The name comes from the Catholic priest and anatomist Gabriele Falloppio, for whom other anatomical structures are also named. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Parts 1.2 Microanatomy 1.3 Development 2 Function 2.1 Fertilization 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Inflammation 3.2 Cancer 3.3 Implantation 3.4 Blockage or narrowing 3.5 Surgery 3.6 Other 4 History 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure The Fallopian tube is composed of four parts. These are, described from near the ovaries to inwards near the uterus, the infundibulum with its associated fimbriae near the ovary, the ampulla that represents the major portion of the lateral tube, the isthmus, which is the narrower part of the tube that links to the uterus, and the interstitial (or intramural) part, the narrowest part of the uterine tube, that crosses the muscles of the uterine. The average length of a fallopian tube is 11-12 cm.[1] Parts The uterus opens into the Fallopian tube at the proximal tubal opening (also called the proximal ostium or os[2]), after the uterotubal junction, and accessible via hysteroscopy. Occlusion at this opening is referred to as proximal tubal occlusion. From there there are three named parts of the Fallopian tube; the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The isthmus sits next to the opening of the Fallopian tube into the uterus. It connects to the ampulla (Latin: flask), which curves over the ovary and is the most common site of human fertilization. The ampulla connects with the infundibulum, which rests above the ovaries, and ends at the distal tubal opening (or abdominal ostium)[3] into the abdominal cavity where, in ovulation, the oocyte enters the Fallopian tube. The opening is surrounded by fimbriae, which help in the collection of the oocyte. Occlusion of this opening is referred to as distal tubal occlusion. The fimbriae (singular fimbria) is a fringe of tissue around the ostium of the Fallopian tube, in the direction of the ovary. Of all fimbriae, one fimbria is long enough to reach the ovary. It is called fimbria ovarica.[4][5] An ovary is not directly connected to its adjacent Fallopian tube. When ovulation is about to occur, the sex hormones activate the fimbriae, causing them to swell with blood and hit the ovary in a gentle, sweeping motion. An oocyte is released from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity and the cilia of the fimbriae sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube. Microanatomy When viewed under the microscope, the Fallopian tube has four layers. From outer to inner these are the serosa, subserosa, lamina propria and innermost mucosa. The serosa is derived from visceral peritoneum. The subserosa is composed of loose adventitious tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, an outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle coats. This layer is responsible for the rhythmic contraction, called peristalsis, of the Fallopian tubes. Lamina propria is a vascular connective tissue.[6] The histological features of tube vary along its length. The mucosa of the ampulla contains an extensive array of complex folds, whereas the relatively narrow isthmus has a thick muscular coat and simple mucosal folds.[6] The innermost layer of the tube is a single layer of column-shaped cells. The columnar cells have microscopic hair-like filaments called cilia throughout the tube, most numerous in the infundibulum and ampulla. Estrogen increases the production of cilia on these cells. Between the ciliated cells are peg cells, which contain apical granules and produce tubular fluid. This fluid contains nutrients for spermatozoa, oocytes, and zygotes. The secretions also promote capacitation of the sperm by removing glycoproteins and other molecules from the plasma membrane of the sperm. Progesterone increases the number of peg cells, while estrogen increases their height and secretory activity. Fluid flows through the tubes towards the ovaries, the opposite direction to the action of the cilia. Development Sketch of a human embryo from Gray's Anatomy; from eight and a half to nine weeks old, showing the mullerian (paramesonephric ducts), their position, and how they are becoming fused. Embryos develop a urogenital ridge that forms at their tail end and eventually forms the basis for the urinary system and reproductive tracts. Either side and to the front of this tract, around the sixth week develops a duct called the paramesonephric duct, also called the Müllerian duct.[7] A second duct, the mesonephric duct, develops adjacent to this. Both ducts become longer over the next two weeks, and the paramesonephric ducts around the eighth week cross to meet in the midline and fuse.[7] One duct then regresses, with this depending on whether the embryo is genetically female or male. In females, the paramesonephric duct remains, and eventually forms the female reproductive tract.[7] The portions of the paramesonephric duct which are more cranial - that is, further from the tail-end, end up forming the fallopian tubes.[7] In males, because of the presence of the Y sex chromosome, anti-mullerian hormone is produced. This leads to the degeneration of the paramesonephric duct.[7] As the uterus develops, the part of the fallopian tubes closer to the uterus, the ampulla, become larger. Extensions from the fallopian tubes, the fimbriae, develop over time. Apart from the presence of sex chromosomes, specific genes associated with the development of the fallopian tubes include the Wnt and Hox groups of genes, Lim1, Pax2, and Emx2.[7] Embryos have two pairs of ducts to let gametes out of the body; one pair (the Müllerian ducts) develops in females into the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, while the other pair (the Wolffian ducts) develops in males into the epididymis and vas deferens. The homologous organ in the male is the rudimentary appendix testis.[citation needed] Function Fertilization After ovulation, the egg (oocyte) passes from the ovary (left) through the Fallopian tube to the uterus (right). The fallopian tube allows passage of an egg from the ovary to the uterus. When an oocyte is developing in an ovary, it is surrounded by a spherical collection of cells known as an ovarian follicle. Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form the first polar body and a secondary oocyte which is arrested in metaphase of meiosis II. At the time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle, the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary. The follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the secondary oocyte to escape. The secondary oocyte is caught by the fimbriated end of the Fallopian tube and travels to the ampulla. Here, the egg is able to become fertilised with sperm. The ampulla is typically where the sperm are met and fertilization occurs; meiosis II is promptly completed. After fertilisation, the ovum is now called a zygote and travels towards the uterus with the aid of the hair-like cilia and the activity of the muscle of the Fallopian tube. The early embryo requires critical development in the fallopian tube.[8] After about five days the new embryo enters the uterine cavity and on about the sixth day implants on the wall of the uterus. The release of an oocyte does not alternate between the two ovaries and seems to be random. After removal of an ovary, the remaining one produces an egg every month.[9] Clinical significance Inflammation Main article: Salpingitis Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes and may be found alone, or as part of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). A thickening of the fallopian tube at its narrow portion, due to inflammation, is known as salpingitis isthmica nodosa. Like PID and endometriosis, it may lead to fallopian tube obstruction. Fallopian tube obstruction may be a cause of infertility or ectopic pregnancy.[10] Cancer Main article: Fallopian tube cancer Fallopian tube cancer, which typically arises from the epithelial lining of the fallopian tube, has historically been considered to be a very rare malignancy. Recent evidence suggests it probably represents a significant portion of what has been classified as ovarian cancer in the past.[11] While tubal cancers may be misdiagnosed as ovarian cancer, it is of little consequence as the treatment of both ovarian and fallopian tube cancer is similar.[citation needed] Implantation Main article: Ectopic pregnancy lmplantation sites resulting in normal or ectopic pregnancies. Occasionally the embryo implants into the fallopian tube instead of the uterus, creating an ectopic pregnancy, commonly known as a "tubal pregnancy". Blockage or narrowing While a full testing of tubal functions in patients with infertility is not possible, testing of whether the tubes are open, called patency, is important as tubal obstruction is a major cause of infertility. A hysterosalpingogram, laparoscopy and dye, or hysterocontrast sonography will demonstrate whether the tubes are open. Tubal insufflation is a standard procedure for testing patency. During surgery the condition of the tubes may be inspected and a dye such as methylene blue can be injected into the uterus and shown to pass through the tubes when the cervix is occluded. As tubal disease is often related to Chlamydia infection, testing for Chlamydia antibodies has become a cost-effective screening device for tubal pathology.[12] Surgery Example and location of some surgical procedures performed on the Fallopian tubes. The surgical removal of a fallopian tube is called a salpingectomy. To remove both tubes is a bilateral salpingectomy. An operation that combines the removal of a fallopian tube with removal of at least one ovary is a salpingo-oophorectomy. An operation to remove a fallopian tube obstruction is called a tuboplasty. Other The fallopian tube can prolapse into the vagina and can be mistaken for a tumour. When this happens, it is usually after a hysterectomy.[13] History The Fallopian tubes are named after the 16th-century Italian anatomist Gabriele Falloppio, the first person to provide a detailed description of the tubes.[14][15] He thought they resembled tubas, the plural of tuba in Italian being tube which was misunderstood and became the English "tube".[16] Though the name Fallopian tube is eponymous, it is often spelt with a lower case f from the assumption that the adjective fallopian has been absorbed into modern English as the de facto name for the structure.[citation needed] Additional images Numbered image showing parts of the Fallopian tubes and surrounding structures. 1: Ovary 2: Medial surface 3: Lateral surface 4: Free border 5: Mesovarial margin 6: Tubal extremity 7: Uterine extremity 8: Fallopian tube 9: Distal opening of the Fallopian tube 10: Infundibulum of the Fallopian tube 11: Fimbriae of the Fallopian tube 12: Ovarian fimbria 13: Ampulla of the Fallopian tube 14: Isthmus of the Fallopian tube 15: Uterine part of the Fallopian tube 16: Proximal opening of the Fallopian tube ‹ The template below (Female genitalia frontal cross-section numbered) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. › Image showing the position of the Fallopian tubes (24) between the ovaries and the uterus. 1. Vulva: 2. Labia majora; 3. Labia minora; 4. Vestibule; 5. Clitoris: (with 6. Glans and 7. Body). 8. Bulb of vestibule 9. Vagina: 10. Hymen; 11. Lumen; 12. Wall; 13. Fornix (lateral) 14. Uterus: Parts: 15. Cervix; 16. Body and 17. Fundus. 18. Orifices: External and Internal; 19. Cervical canal; 20. Uterine cavity; Layers: 21. Endometrium; 22. Myometrium and 23. Perimetrium 24. Fallopian tube: 25. Isthmus; 26. Ampulla; 27. Infundibulum; 28. Fimbria (with 29. Fimbria ovarica) 30. Ovary 31. Visceral pelvic peritoneum: 32. Broad ligament (with 33. Mesosalpinx; 34. Mesovarium and 35. Mesometrium) Ligaments: 36. Round; 37. Ovarian; 38. Suspensory of ovary Blood vessels: 39. Ovarian artery and vein; 40. Uterine artery and veins; 41. Vaginal artery and veins Other: 42. Ureter; 43. Pelvic floor (Levator ani); 44. Femoral head; 45. Hip bone; 46. Internal iliac vessels (anterior branches); 47. External iliac vessels; 48. Abdominal cavity Image showing the right Fallopian tube (here labelled the uterine tube) seen from behind. The uterus, ovaries and right broad ligament are labelled. Unlabelled image showing the right Fallopian tube Isthmus of the Fallopian tube seen arising from the uterus in a cadaveric specimen. See also This article uses anatomical terminology. Menstrual cycle References This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1257 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Eddy, Carlton A; Pauerstein, Carl J (December 1980). "Anatomy and physiology of the fallopian tube". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 23 (4): 1177–93. doi:10.1097/00003081-198012000-00023. PMID 7004702. Thurmond AS, Brandt KR, Gorrill MJ (March 1999). "Tubal Obstruction after Ligation Reversal Surgery: Results of Catheter Recanalization". Radiology. 210 (3): 747–750. doi:10.1148/radiology.210.3.r99mr10747. PMID 10207477. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2010-05-28. EI-Mowafi DM, Diamond MM. "Fallopian Tube". Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Retrieved 2010-05-28. Cancerweb- ovarian fimbria Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1-16. ISBN 9788131225561. Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-81-312-2556-1. Blausteins 2011, pp. 530-531. Li, Shuai; Winuthayanon, Wipawee (January 2017). "Oviduct: roles in fertilization and early embryo development". Journal of Endocrinology. 232 (1): R1–R26. doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0302. PMID 27875265. "Menstrual Cycle: Biology of the Female Reproductive System: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". Merck.com. Retrieved 2011-03-06. Salpingitis at eMedicine Hirst, Jane E.; Gard, Gregory B.; McIllroy, Kirsty; Nevell, David; Field, Michael (July 2009). "High Rates of Occult Fallopian Tube Cancer Diagnosed at Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy". International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 19 (5): 826–829. doi:10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a1b5dc. PMID 19574767. Kodaman PH, Arici A, Seli E (June 2004). "Evidence-based diagnosis and management of tubal factor infertility". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 16 (3): 221–9. doi:10.1097/00001703-200406000-00004. PMID 15129051. "Benign Neoplasms of the Vagina | GLOWM". www.glowm.com. Retrieved 2018-03-11. Falloppii, Gabrielis (1561). Observationes Anatomicae Ad Petrum Mannam Medicum Cremonensem. Venetiis, M. A. Ulmum. Blausteins 2011, p. 530. "A Medley of Maladies". QI. Series M. Episode 1. 16 October 2015. 0:38:37 minutes in. BBC Two. Transcript from Subsaga.com. Retrieved 2 July 2017. He thought they reminded him of what were in those days rather long musical instruments with an end like a trumpet's bell, these were tubas. And so he called them tubas. And if you have a tuba, if you have a word ending in A in Italian, how do you pluralise it? What is two tuba? ... Tube. With an E on the end, spelled T-U-B-E. So, when it went around the world as his tube, his tubas, people saw the word tube. But, in fact, he had called them tubas. Books Kurman, Robert J.; Ellenson, Lora Hedrick; Ronnett, Brigitte M., eds. (2011). "Diseases of the Fallopian Tube and Paratubal Region". Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract (6th. ed.). Springer. ISBN 9781441904881. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fallopian tube. Histology image: 18501loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University Menstrual Cycle - Merck v t e Female reproductive system InternalAdnexaOvariesFolliclescorpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space Other Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla Fallopian tubes Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria Ostium Ligaments Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Wolffian vestiges Gartner's duct Epoophoron Vesicular appendages of epoophoron Paroophoron UterusRegionsBody Uterine cavity Fundus Cervix External orifice Cervical canal Internal orifice Supravaginal portion Vaginal portion Uterine horns LayersEndometrium epithelium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium Ligaments Round ligament Broad ligament Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament General Uterine glands Vagina Fossa of vestibule of vagina Vaginal fornix Hymen Vaginal rugae Support structures Vaginal epithelium Masturbate-a-thon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Masturbate-a-thon logo, based on an ancient Roman good luck charm The Masturbate-a-thon is an event in which participants masturbate to raise money for charity and increase the public awareness and dispel the shame and taboos that exist about this form of sexual activity. From 1998 to 2003, the Masturbate-a-thon raised around $25,000 for women's health initiatives and HIV prevention, education and treatment organizations, and has contributed to debates about safer sex and alternative safe methods of sexual expression.[1] The event awards several honors for those who raise the most money as well as for multiple orgasms and endurance. Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History Masturbate-a-thon Logo used by 2006 London event In May 1995,[2] San Francisco–based sex toy shop Good Vibrations declared May to be "Masturbation Month". Since then, it has encouraged people to get sponsors as a fundraiser for charities with a sex-positive focus.[3] In 1999, the Masturbate-a-Thon was originated by the collective Open Enterprises, which operates Good Vibrations. The slogan "Come for a Cause" was coined by Rachel Venning, the founder of the sex toy shop Babeland, formerly Toys in Babeland, which has branches in Seattle, in Brooklyn, and (two) in Manhattan. The Masturbate-a-Thon was built up by Good Vibrations, which encouraged other modern sex-toy businesses—such as Babeland; A Woman's Touch, in Madison, Wisconsin; Toronto's Come As You Are; and Boston's Grand Opening—to hold events coinciding with "masturbation month" (May in the United States). In that year, the first live event was held at San Francisco's Campus Theater, by the Center for Sex and Culture (CSC)'s Carol Queen and her partner, Robert Lawrence. CSC is an education-based non-profit providing professional-level sex education. The annual events are used as a public-health-education device to increase awareness of self-pleasure as a strategy for safer and healthier sex and to de-stigmatize self-love. London hosted Europe's first "masturbate-a-thon" on 5 August 2006. It aims to remove the taboo and shame associated with masturbation.[4] Hundreds of persons raised money for the charity Terrence Higgins Trust and the sexual- and reproductive-health agency Marie Stopes International.[5] The Masturbate-a-thon, also called "Wank-a-Thon," was recorded by ZigZagProductions of London as part of an international documentary of the event.[6] However, plans to broadcast this on Channel 4 as part of its Wank Week series were abandoned, including programming from Europe's fetish and leather week.[7] In 2009, Masanobu Sato won the Masturbate-a-thon held by the Center of Sex and Culture in San Francisco after masturbating for nine hours and thirty-three minutes.[8] In 2012, China's first masturbation contest was held in Shenzhen, China in celebration of World AIDS day. The event's organizers explained that the contest aims to promote masturbation as the safest means of sex and as an effective means for avoiding HIV infection.[9][10] Montreal's first Masturbate-a-thon (aka "Wankfest") was on 4 May 2013 and raised money for the charity Head and Hands, a youth sex education and outreach organization, and Sexploreum, an adult education group dedicated to encouraging playfulness with sexuality. Masturbate-a-thon 3 in 2014 was cancelled due to lack of registrations.[11] See also Human sexuality portal National Masturbation Day Wank Week References Queen, Carol (April 23, 2003). "The Royal Treatment: Time to Masturbate". Spectator Magazine, reprinted in Good Vibrations magazine. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2007.[full citation needed] Silver, Matty (April 14, 2015). "Make time for yourselves during National Masturbation Month in May". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 12, 2017. Lloyd, Stacy (April 30, 2010). "May is National Masturbation Month". Empowher. Retrieved June 19, 2011. "Minerva". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 333 (7561): 268. July 29, 2006. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7561.268. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1523434. Masturbate-a-thon press release (retrieved August 6, 2006) Archived April 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Leigh Holmwood (July 18, 2006). "More tossers on TV". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved November 2, 2007. Jason Deans (February 2, 2007). "'Wank week' postponed". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved November 2, 2007. Christina, Eva (2011). The Book of Kink: Sex Beyond the Missionary. Penguin. p. 68. ISBN 9781101545096. Retrieved June 12, 2017. Wilkins, Brett (December 5, 2012). "China's first masturbation contest held for World AIDS Day". Retrieved June 12, 2017. Thomas, Emily (December 3, 2012). "Masturbation Contest In China Held To Celebrate Safe Sex On World AIDS Day (NSFW VIDEO)". Huffington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2017. "Masturbate-a-thon Montreal". June 21, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013. External links "Unofficial" Portland Masturbate-a-thon site (Archived on archive.org from July, 2009). v t e Masturbation Techniques Anal masturbation Autocunnilingus Autofellatio Wanking Erotic electrostimulation Phone sex Prostate massage Teledildonics Erotic asphyxiation Orgasm control Instruments Anal beads Artificial vagina Ben Wa balls Dildo Double penetration dildo Fleshlight Sex doll Sex machine Sybian Venus 2000 Vibrator Sound Events Masturbate-a-thon National Masturbation Day Wank Week History and status History of masturbation Sexual revolution Religious views Masturbation in non-human animals Masturbation educators Betty Dodson Joycelyn Elders Related articles Autoeroticism Adult video arcade Cum shot Die große Nacht im Eimer Footjob Handjob Jugum penis Nocturnal emission NoFap Self-love Sex doll Sex magic Venus Butterfly Wikiquote Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Wikinews Wikiversity Wikibooks Categories: Masturbation Erotic events Charity events Recurring events established in 1999 Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read View source View history Search Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2020, at 16:14 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Masturbate-a-thon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Masturbate-a-thon logo, based on an ancient Roman good luck charm The Masturbate-a-thon is an event in which participants masturbate to raise money for charity and increase the public awareness and dispel the shame and taboos that exist about this form of sexual activity. From 1998 to 2003, the Masturbate-a-thon raised around $25,000 for women's health initiatives and HIV prevention, education and treatment organizations, and has contributed to debates about safer sex and alternative safe methods of sexual expression.[1] The event awards several honors for those who raise the most money as well as for multiple orgasms and endurance. Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History Masturbate-a-thon Logo used by 2006 London event In May 1995,[2] San Francisco–based sex toy shop Good Vibrations declared May to be "Masturbation Month". Since then, it has encouraged people to get sponsors as a fundraiser for charities with a sex-positive focus.[3] In 1999, the Masturbate-a-Thon was originated by the collective Open Enterprises, which operates Good Vibrations. The slogan "Come for a Cause" was coined by Rachel Venning, the founder of the sex toy shop Babeland, formerly Toys in Babeland, which has branches in Seattle, in Brooklyn, and (two) in Manhattan. The Masturbate-a-Thon was built up by Good Vibrations, which encouraged other modern sex-toy businesses—such as Babeland; A Woman's Touch, in Madison, Wisconsin; Toronto's Come As You Are; and Boston's Grand Opening—to hold events coinciding with "masturbation month" (May in the United States). In that year, the first live event was held at San Francisco's Campus Theater, by the Center for Sex and Culture (CSC)'s Carol Queen and her partner, Robert Lawrence. CSC is an education-based non-profit providing professional-level sex education. The annual events are used as a public-health-education device to increase awareness of self-pleasure as a strategy for safer and healthier sex and to de-stigmatize self-love. London hosted Europe's first "masturbate-a-thon" on 5 August 2006. It aims to remove the taboo and shame associated with masturbation.[4] Hundreds of persons raised money for the charity Terrence Higgins Trust and the sexual- and reproductive-health agency Marie Stopes International.[5] The Masturbate-a-thon, also called "Wank-a-Thon," was recorded by ZigZagProductions of London as part of an international documentary of the event.[6] However, plans to broadcast this on Channel 4 as part of its Wank Week series were abandoned, including programming from Europe's fetish and leather week.[7] In 2009, Masanobu Sato won the Masturbate-a-thon held by the Center of Sex and Culture in San Francisco after masturbating for nine hours and thirty-three minutes.[8] In 2012, China's first masturbation contest was held in Shenzhen, China in celebration of World AIDS day. The event's organizers explained that the contest aims to promote masturbation as the safest means of sex and as an effective means for avoiding HIV infection.[9][10] Montreal's first Masturbate-a-thon (aka "Wankfest") was on 4 May 2013 and raised money for the charity Head and Hands, a youth sex education and outreach organization, and Sexploreum, an adult education group dedicated to encouraging playfulness with sexuality. Masturbate-a-thon 3 in 2014 was cancelled due to lack of registrations.[11] See also Human sexuality portal National Masturbation Day Wank Week References Queen, Carol (April 23, 2003). "The Royal Treatment: Time to Masturbate". Spectator Magazine, reprinted in Good Vibrations magazine. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2007.[full citation needed] Silver, Matty (April 14, 2015). "Make time for yourselves during National Masturbation Month in May". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 12, 2017. Lloyd, Stacy (April 30, 2010). "May is National Masturbation Month". Empowher. Retrieved June 19, 2011. "Minerva". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 333 (7561): 268. July 29, 2006. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7561.268. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1523434. Masturbate-a-thon press release (retrieved August 6, 2006) Archived April 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Leigh Holmwood (July 18, 2006). "More tossers on TV". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved November 2, 2007. Jason Deans (February 2, 2007). "'Wank week' postponed". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved November 2, 2007. Christina, Eva (2011). The Book of Kink: Sex Beyond the Missionary. Penguin. p. 68. ISBN 9781101545096. Retrieved June 12, 2017. Wilkins, Brett (December 5, 2012). "China's first masturbation contest held for World AIDS Day". Retrieved June 12, 2017. Thomas, Emily (December 3, 2012). "Masturbation Contest In China Held To Celebrate Safe Sex On World AIDS Day (NSFW VIDEO)". Huffington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2017. "Masturbate-a-thon Montreal". June 21, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013. External links "Unofficial" Portland Masturbate-a-thon site (Archived on archive.org from July, 2009). v t e Masturbation Techniques Anal masturbation Autocunnilingus Autofellatio Wanking Erotic electrostimulation Phone sex Prostate massage Teledildonics Erotic asphyxiation Orgasm control Instruments Anal beads Artificial vagina Ben Wa balls Dildo Double penetration dildo Fleshlight Sex doll Sex machine Sybian Venus 2000 Vibrator Sound Events Masturbate-a-thon National Masturbation Day Wank Week History and status History of masturbation Sexual revolution Religious views Masturbation in non-human animals Masturbation educators Betty Dodson Joycelyn Elders Related articles Autoeroticism Adult video arcade Cum shot Die große Nacht im Eimer Footjob Handjob Jugum penis Nocturnal emission NoFap Self-love Sex doll Sex magic Venus Butterfly Wikiquote Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Wikinews Wikiversity Wikibooks Categories: Masturbation Erotic events Charity events Recurring events established in 1999 Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read View source View history Search Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2020, at 16:14 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Masturbation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Masturbate) Jump to navigation Jump to search "Onanism" redirects here. For the Biblical origin of the term "onanism", see Onan. "Jacking off" redirects here. It is not to be confused with jacking. A woman masturbating by stimulating her vulva – Gustav Klimt's Woman seated with thighs apart (1916) A man masturbating by stimulating his penis Masturbation is the sexual stimulation of one's own genitals for sexual arousal or other sexual pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm.[1][2][3] The stimulation may involve hands, fingers, everyday objects, sex toys such as vibrators, or combinations of these.[1][2] Mutual masturbation is masturbation with a sexual partner,[3][4] and may include manual stimulation of a partner's genitals (fingering or a handjob),[4] or be used as a form of non-penetrative sex.[5] Masturbation is frequent in both sexes and at any age. Various medical and psychological benefits have been attributed to a healthy attitude toward sexual activity in general and to masturbation in particular. No causal relationship is known between masturbation and any form of mental or physical disorder.[6][7] In the Western world, masturbation in private or with a partner is generally considered a normal and healthy part of sexual enjoyment. Masturbation has been depicted in art since prehistoric times, and is both mentioned and discussed in very early writings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, some European theologians and physicians described it as "heinous", "deplorable", and "hideous", but during the 20th century these taboos generally declined. There has been an increase in discussion and portrayal of masturbation in art, popular music, television, films, and literature. Today, religions vary in their views of masturbation; some view it as a spiritually detrimental practice, some see it as not spiritually detrimental, and others take a situational view. The legal status of masturbation has also varied through history and masturbation in public is illegal in most countries.[8] Animal masturbation has been observed in many species, both in the wild and in captivity.[9][10][11] Contents 1 Etymology 2 Terminology 3 Techniques 3.1 General 3.2 Male 3.3 Female 3.4 Mutual 4 Frequency, age, and sex 5 Evolutionary utility 6 Health effects 6.1 Benefits 6.2 Risks 7 Cultural history 7.1 Ancient world 7.2 Development of the contemporary Western world view 7.2.1 18th century 7.2.2 19th century 7.2.3 20th century 7.2.4 21st century 8 In modern culture 8.1 Stigma 8.2 Sperm donation 8.3 Encouragement 8.4 Law 8.5 Religious views 8.6 Rites of passage 9 Popular culture 9.1 Music 9.2 Literature 9.3 Television 9.4 Film 9.5 Pornography 10 Other animals 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology The English word masturbation was introduced in the 18th century, based on the Latin verb masturbari, alongside the slightly earlier onanism. The Latin verb masturbari is of uncertain origin. Suggested derivations include an unattested word for penis, *mazdo, cognate with Greek mézea μέζεα, "genitals", or alternatively a corruption of an unattested *manusturpare ("to defile with the hand"), by association with turbare "to disturb".[12][13] Terminology While masturbation is the formal word for this practice, many other expressions are in common use. Terms such as playing with yourself, pleasuring oneself and slang such as wanking,[14] jerking off,[15] and frigging are common. Self-abuse and self-pollution were common in early modern times and are still found in modern dictionaries. A large variety of other euphemisms and dysphemisms exist which describe masturbation. For a list of terms, see the entry for masturbate in Wiktionary. Techniques General Two vibrators in a sex shop Masturbation involves touching, pressing, rubbing, or massaging a person's genital area, either with the fingers or against an object such as a pillow; inserting fingers or an object into the vagina or anus (see anal masturbation); and stimulating the penis or vulva with an electric vibrator, which may also be inserted into the vagina or anus. It may also involve touching, rubbing, or pinching the nipples or other erogenous zones while masturbating. Both sexes sometimes apply lubricants to reduce friction. Reading or viewing pornography, sexual fantasies, or other erotic stimuli may lead to a desire for sexual release such as by masturbation. Some people get sexual pleasure by inserting objects, such as urethral sounds, into the urethra (the tube through which urine and, in men, semen, flows),[16] a practice known as urethral play or "sounding".[17] Other objects such as ball point pens and thermometers are sometimes used, although this practice can lead to injury or infection.[18] Some people masturbate by using machines that simulate intercourse. Men and women may masturbate until they are close to orgasm, stop for a while to reduce excitement, and then resume masturbating. They may repeat this cycle multiple times. This "stop and go" build-up, known as "edging", can achieve even stronger orgasms.[19] Rarely, people quit stimulation just before orgasm to retain the heightened energy that normally comes down after orgasm.[20] Male Common positions include lying on back or face down, sitting, squatting, kneeling, or standing. The most common masturbation technique among males is to hold the penis with a loose fist and then to move the hand up and down the shaft. This type of stimulation is typically all that is required to achieve orgasm and ejaculation. The speed of the hand motion varies throughout the masturbation session. Male masturbation techniques may differ between males who have been circumcised and those who have not. Some techniques which may work for one individual can be difficult or uncomfortable for another. For males who have not been circumcised, stimulation of the penis typically comes from the "pumping" of the foreskin, whereby the foreskin is held and slid up and down over the glans, which, depending on foreskin length, is completely or partially covered and then uncovered in a rapid motion. The outer foreskin glides smoothly over the inner foreskin. The glans itself may widen and lengthen as the stimulation continues, becoming slightly darker in colour, while the gliding action of the foreskin reduces friction. This technique may also be used by some circumcised men who have sufficient excess skin remaining from their circumcision. Francis, King Consort of Spain (right) masturbating while his wife, Isabella II, engages in sexual relationships with Carlos Marfori, her Overseas Minister. Satirical caricature, 1868 For circumcised males, on whom the glans is mostly or completely uncovered, this technique creates more direct contact between the hand and the glans. To avoid friction, irritation and soreness from this resulting friction, some may prefer to use a personal lubricant, masturbation cream, or saliva. The shaft skin can also be slid back and forth with just the index finger and thumb wrapped around the penis. A variation on this is to place the fingers and thumb on the penis as if playing a flute, and then shuttle them back and forth. Lying face down on a comfortable surface such as a mattress or pillow, the penis can be rubbed against it. This technique may include the use of a simulacrum, or artificial vagina. Prostate massage is one other technique used for sexual stimulation, often in order to reach orgasm. The prostate is sometimes referred to as the "male G-spot" or P-spot.[21] Some men can achieve orgasm through stimulation of the prostate gland, by stimulating it using a well-lubricated finger or dildo inserted through the anus into the rectum, and men who report the sensation of prostate stimulation often give descriptions similar to females' accounts of G-spot stimulation.[22][23] Prostate stimulation can produce more intense orgasms than penile stimulation.[22] Stimulating the prostate from outside, via pressure on the perineum, can be pleasurable as well. Anal masturbation without any prostate stimulation, with fingers or otherwise, is also one other technique which some men enjoy. Since the muscles of the anus contract during orgasm, the presence of an object holding the sphincter open can strengthen the sensation of the contractions and intensify orgasm.[24] The practice may be pleasurable because of the large number of nerve endings in the anal area, and because of the added stimulation gained from stretching the anal sphincter muscles while inserting the finger. A good quality personal lubricant is advisable to both increase the pleasurable sensation and aid insertion. Some people prefer to simply stimulate the outer ring of the anus, while others will follow this by inserting one or more fingers. There are many other variations on male masturbation techniques. Men may also rub or massage the glans, the rim of the glans, and the frenular delta. Some men place both hands directly on their penis during masturbation, while others may use their free hand to fondle their testicles, nipples, or other parts of their body. The nipples are erogenous zones, and vigorous stimulation of them during masturbation usually causes the penis to become erect more quickly than it would otherwise. Some may keep their hand stationary while pumping into it with pelvic thrusts in order to simulate the motions of sexual intercourse. Some may lay in the prone position and rub their genitals against the bed sheet or other surface, a technique called prone masturbation.[25] In a bath or shower a male may direct water via a handheld showerhead at his frenulum, testicles, or perineum. Others may also use vibrators and other sexual devices more commonly associated with female masturbation. A somewhat controversial ejaculation control technique is to put pressure on the perineum, about halfway between the scrotum and the anus, just before ejaculating.[citation needed] This can, however, redirect semen into the bladder (referred to as retrograde ejaculation). Female See also: Fingering (sexual act) Female masturbation involves the stroking or rubbing of a woman's vulva, especially her clitoris, with an index or middle fingers, or both. Sometimes one or more fingers may be inserted into the vagina to stroke its frontal wall where the G-spot may be located.[26] Masturbation aids such as a vibrator, dildo, or Ben Wa balls can also be used to stimulate the vagina and clitoris. Many women caress their breasts or stimulate a nipple with the free hand and anal stimulation is also enjoyed by some. Personal lubricant is sometimes used during masturbation, especially when penetration is involved, but this is not universal and many women find their natural lubrication sufficient. Like males, common positions for female masturbation include lying on back or face down, sitting, squatting, kneeling, or standing. In a bath or shower a female may direct water via a handheld showerhead at her clitoris, vulva, or perineum. Lying face down one may use the hands, one may straddle a pillow, the corner or edge of the bed, a partner's leg or some scrunched-up clothing and "hump" the vulva and clitoris against it. Standing up, a chair, the corner of an item of furniture, or even a washing machine can be used to stimulate the clitoris through the labia and clothing. Some masturbate only using pressure applied to the clitoris without direct contact, for example by pressing the palm or ball of the hand against underwear or other clothing. In the 1920s, Havelock Ellis reported that turn-of-the-century seamstresses using treadle-operated sewing machines could achieve orgasm by sitting near the edge of their chairs.[27] Women can stimulate themselves sexually by crossing their legs tightly and clenching the muscles in their legs, creating pressure on the genitals. This can potentially be done in public without observers noticing. Thoughts, fantasies, and memories of previous instances of arousal and orgasm can produce sexual excitation. Some women can orgasm spontaneously by force of will alone, although this may not strictly qualify as masturbation as no physical stimulus is involved.[28][29] Sex therapists will sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm, for example to help improve sexual health and relationships, to help determine what is erotically pleasing to them, and because mutual masturbation can lead to more satisfying sexual relationships and added intimacy.[30][31] Mutual Gerda Wegener's 1925 artwork "Les delassements d'Eros" ("The recreations of Eros"), which depicts sexual activity by two women Johann Nepomuk Geiger, watercolor, 1840 See also: Non-penetrative sex Mutual masturbation involves two or more people who sexually stimulate each other, usually with the hands. It can be practiced by people of any sexual orientation, and can be part of other sexual activity. It may be used as foreplay, or as an alternative to sexual penetration. When used as an alternative to penile-vaginal penetration, the goal may be to preserve virginity or to avoid risk of pregnancy.[32][33] Mutual masturbation can be practiced in pairs or groups with or without actually touching another person for example: Non-contact mutual masturbation - Two people masturbating in the presence of each other but not touching. Contact mutual masturbation - One person touching another person to masturbate. The other person may do the same during or after. Non-contact group - More than two people masturbating in the presence of each other in a group but not touching each other. Contact group - More than two people physically touching each other to masturbate as a group. Mutual masturbation foreplay - The manual stimulation of each other's genitals where the session eventually leads to sexual intercourse.[34] Frequency, age, and sex Frequency of masturbation is determined by many factors, e.g., one's resistance to sexual tension, hormone levels influencing sexual arousal, sexual habits, peer influences, health and one's attitude to masturbation formed by culture; E. Heiby and J. Becker examined the latter.[35] Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.[36][37][38] Different studies have found that masturbation is frequent in humans. Alfred Kinsey's 1950s studies on US population have shown that 92% of men and 62% of women have masturbated during their lifespan.[29] Similar results have been found in a 2007 British national probability survey. It was found that, between individuals aged 16 to 44, 95% of men and 71% of women masturbated at some point in their lives. 73% of men and 37% of women reported masturbating in the four weeks before their interview, while 53% of men and 18% of women reported masturbating in the previous seven days.[39] The Merck Manual says that 97% of men and 80% of women have masturbated and that, generally speaking, males masturbate more than females.[40] Masturbation is considered normal when performed by children,[41][7][42] even in early infancy.[36] In 2009, the Sheffield NHS Health Trust issued a pamphlet called "Pleasure" which discussed the health benefits of masturbation. This was done in response to data and experience from the other EU member states to reduce teen pregnancy and STIs (STDs), and to promote healthy habits.[43] In the book Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis". "Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm." Italian gynecologists Giorgio Giorgi and Marco Siccardi observed via ultrasound a female fetus possibly masturbating and having what appeared to be an orgasm.[44] Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary to this belief, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse. A study has reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.[39][45][46][47] Coon and Mitterer stated: "Approximately 70 percent of married women and men masturbate at least occasionally."[48][49] Evolutionary utility Female masturbation alters conditions in the vagina, cervix and uterus, in ways that can alter the chances of conception from intercourse, depending on the timing of the masturbation. A woman's orgasm between one minute before and 45 minutes after insemination favors the chances of that sperm reaching her egg. If, for example, she has had intercourse with more than one male, such an orgasm can increase the likelihood of a pregnancy by one of them.[50][51] Female masturbation can also provide protection against cervical infections by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.[51] In males, masturbation flushes out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The next ejaculation then contains more fresh sperm, which have higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male has intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively.[52][53][54] Health effects Benefits The American Medical Association declared masturbation as normal by consensus in 1972.[55] It does not deplete one's body of energy[56] or produce premature ejaculation.[57] The medical consensus is that masturbation is a medically healthy and psychologically normal habit.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] According to the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, "It is considered abnormal only when it inhibits partner-oriented behavior, is done in public, or is sufficiently compulsive to cause distress."[66] Solo masturbation is a sexual activity that is nearly free of risk of sexually transmitted infection.[67] With two or more participants, the risk of sexually transmitted infection, while not eliminated, remains lower than with most forms of penetrative sex. Support for such a view and for making masturbation part of the American sex education curriculum, led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration.[68] Masturbation among adolescents contributes to their developing a sense of mastery over sexual impulses, and it has a role in the physical and emotional development of prepubescents and pubescents.[69] Sex therapists sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm; for example, to help improve sexual health and relationships, to help determine what is erotically pleasing to them, and because mutual masturbation can lead to more satisfying sexual relationships and added intimacy.[30][31] Encyclopædia Britannica endorses the use of masturbation inside sex therapy.[70] Britannica also calls "myths" the ideas that masturbation would be unhealthy or immature behavior.[71] Mutual masturbation enables partners in a couple to reveal the "map to [their] pleasure centers," learning how they enjoy being touched. When intercourse is inconvenient or impractical, mutual masturbation affords couples the opportunity to obtain sexual release as often as desired.[72] It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression and lead to a higher sense of self-esteem.[73] When one partner in a relationship wants more sex than the other, masturbation can provide a balancing effect and promote a more harmonious relationship.[72] In 2003, an Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council Australia[74] found that males who masturbated frequently had a lower probability of developing prostate cancer, although they could not demonstrate a direct causation. A 2008 study concluded that frequent ejaculation between the ages of 20 and 40 was correlated with higher risk of developing prostate cancer, while frequent ejaculation in the sixth decade of life was found to be correlated with a lower risk.[75] A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity. The association between frequency of orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recorded as number of orgasms per year. The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95). That is, a difference in mortality appeared between any two subjects when one subject ejaculated at around two times per week more than the other. Assuming a broad range average of between three and five ejaculations per week for healthy males, this would mean five to seven ejaculations per week. This is consistent with a 2003 paper that found the strength of these correlations increased with increasing frequency of ejaculation.[76] A 2008 study at Tabriz Medical University found that ejaculation reduces swollen nasal blood vessels, freeing the airway for normal breathing. The mechanism is through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and is long lasting. The study author suggests: "It can be done [from] time-to-time to alleviate the congestion and the patient can adjust the number of intercourses or masturbations depending on the severity of the symptoms."[77] Sexual climax leaves an individual in a relaxed and contented state, frequently followed by drowsiness and sleep.[78][79][80] Some professionals consider masturbation equivalent to a cardiovascular workout.[81] Though research remains scant, those suffering from cardiovascular disorders, particularly those recovering from heart attacks, should resume physical activity gradually and with the frequency and rigor which their physical status will allow. This limitation can serve as encouragement to follow through with physical therapy sessions to help improve endurance. In general, sex slightly increases energy consumption.[82][83] Risks Those who insert objects as aids to masturbation risk them becoming stuck (e.g. as rectal foreign bodies). Men and women can fall prey to this problem. A woman went into a German hospital with two pencils in her bladder, having pierced her urethra after inserting them during masturbation.[84] A male whose penis is bluntly traumatized during intercourse or masturbation may, rarely, sustain a penile fracture[85][86][87] or develop Peyronie's disease.[88] Phimosis is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back".[89] In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic. A small percentage of males have postorgasmic illness syndrome (POIS), which can cause severe muscle pain throughout the body and other symptoms immediately following ejaculation, whether due to masturbation or partnered sex. The symptoms last for up to a week.[90][91][92] Some doctors speculate that the frequency of POIS "in the population may be greater than has been reported in the academic literature",[93] and that many cases are undiagnosed.[94] Compulsive masturbation and other compulsive behaviors can be signs of an emotional problem, which may need to be addressed by a mental health specialist.[95] As with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of compulsive behavior, rather than try to repress masturbation.[96] Babies and toddlers will play with their genitals in much the same way as they play with their ears or toes. If such play becomes all-consuming, it may be necessary to look for an underlying cause of this, such as the child being tense and in need of comfort, or that others may be overreacting and thus reinforcing the habit. It could be caused by a low-grade urinary tract or yeast infection. The child may be overstimulated and in need of soothing, or understimulated and bored. Alongside many other factors—such as medical evidence, age-inappropriate sexual knowledge, sexualized play and precocious or seductive behavior—excessive masturbation may be an indicator of sexual abuse.[97][98] Cultural history Main article: History of masturbation Ancient world Detail of a krater, dating to c. 560-550 BC, showing a satyr masturbating, a common scene in many ancient Greek pottery paintings[99][100] The sexual stimulation of one's own genitals has been interpreted variously by different religions, the subject of legislation, social controversy, activism, as well as intellectual study in sexology. Social views regarding masturbation taboo have varied greatly in different cultures, and over history. There are depictions of male and female masturbation in prehistoric rock paintings around the world. From the earliest records, the ancient Sumerians had very relaxed attitudes toward sex.[101] The Sumerians widely believed that masturbation enhanced sexual potency, both for men and for women,[101] and they frequently engaged in it, both alone and with their partners.[101] Men would often use puru-oil, a special oil probably mixed with pulverized iron ore intended to enhance friction.[101] Masturbation was also an act of creation and, in Sumerian mythology, the god Enki was believed to have created the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by masturbating and ejaculating into their empty riverbeds.[102] The ancient Egyptians also regarded masturbation by a deity as an act of creation; the god Atum was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation. The ancient Greeks also regarded masturbation as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of sexual pleasure.[103] Most information about masturbation in ancient Greece comes from surviving works of ancient Greek comedy and pottery.[99] Masturbation is frequently referenced in the surviving comedies of Aristophanes, which are the most important sources of information on ancient Greek views on the subject.[99] In ancient Greek pottery, satyrs are often depicted masturbating.[99][100] According to the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by the third-century AD biographer Diogenes Laërtius, Diogenes of Sinope, the fourth-century BC Cynic philosopher, often masturbated in public, which was considered scandalous.[104][105][106] When people confronted him over this, he would say, "If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly."[104][105][106] Among non-western perspectives on the matter, some teachers and practitioners of Traditional Chinese medicine, Taoist meditative and martial arts say that masturbation can cause a lowered energy level in men. Within the African Congo Basin, the Aka, Ngandu, Lesi, brbs, and Ituri ethnic groups all lack a word for masturbation in their languages and are confused by the concept of masturbation.[107] Development of the contemporary Western world view This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (January 2017) This section may be too long and excessively detailed. (January 2017) Masturbation was depicted in 19th-century Shunga prints, such as this piece by Kunisada Self-portrait of Egon Schiele in 1911, depicting masturbation 18th century Onanism is a hybrid term which combines the proper noun, Onan, with the suffix, -ism.[108] Notions of self-pollution, impurity and uncleanness were increasingly associated with various other sexual vices and crimes of the body (such as fornication, sodomy, adultery, incest and obscene language); in reaction to the 17th-century libertine culture, middle-class moralists increasingly campaigned for a reformation of manners and a stricter regulation of the body. Paradoxically, a crime that was secret and private became a popular and fashionable topic. Moreover, writers tended to focus more on the perceived links with mental and physical illnesses that were deemed to be associated with the sense of moral outrage. Attention increasingly shifted to the prevention and cure of this illness which perilously sapped men of their virility[109] The first use of the word "onanism" to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation is a pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716, titled "Onania, or the Heinous Sin of self-Pollution, And All Its Frightful Consequences, In Both Sexes, Considered: With Spiritual and Physical Advice To Those Who Have Already Injured Themselves By This Abominable Practice." The Online Etymology Dictionary, however, claims the earliest known use of onanism occurred in 1727. In 1743–45, the British physician Robert James published A Medicinal Dictionary, in which he described masturbation as being "productive of the most deplorable and generally incurable disorders" and stated that "there is perhaps no sin productive of so many hideous consequences".[110] One of the many horrified by the descriptions of malady in Onania was the notable Swiss physician Samuel-Auguste Tissot. In 1760, he published L'Onanisme, his own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported ill-effects of masturbation. Though Tissot's ideas are now considered conjectural at best, his treatise was presented as a scholarly, scientific work in a time when experimental physiology was practically nonexistent. Immanuel Kant regarded masturbation as a violation of the moral law. In The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), he made the a posteriori argument that "such an unnatural use of one's sexual attribute" strikes "everyone upon his thinking of it" as "a violation of one's duty to himself", and suggested that it was regarded as immoral even to give it its proper name (unlike the case of the similarly undutiful act of suicide). He went on, however, to acknowledge that "it is not so easy to produce a rational demonstration of the inadmissibility of that unnatural use", but ultimately concluded that its immorality lay in the fact that "a man gives up his personality … when he uses himself merely as a means for the gratification of an animal drive".[111] 19th century By 1838, Jean Esquirol had declared in his Des Maladies Mentales that masturbation was "recognized in all countries as a cause of insanity."[112][113] Doctor John Harvey Kellogg and Rev. Sylvester Graham were among those who proposed that circumcision and eating a bland, meatless diet would curb masturbation.[114] The medical literature of the time also described more invasive procedures including electric shock treatment, infibulation, restraining devices like chastity belts and straitjackets, cauterization or – as a last resort – wholesale surgical excision of the genitals. Medical attitudes toward masturbation began to change towards the end of the 19th century when H. Havelock Ellis, in his seminal 1897 work Studies in the Psychology of Sex, questioned Tissot's premises.[115] 20th century In 1905, Sigmund Freud addressed masturbation in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and associated it with addictive substances. He described the masturbation of infants at the period when the infant is nursing, at four years of age, and at puberty. At the same time, the supposed medical condition of hysteria—from the Greek hystera or uterus—was being treated by what would now be described as medically administered or medically prescribed masturbation for women. In 1910, the meetings of the Vienna psychoanalytic circle discussed the moral or health effects of masturbation,[116] but its publication on the matter was suppressed. Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation is a 1922 essay by another Austrian, the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich. In the seven and a half page essay Reich accepts the prevalent notions on the roles of unconscious fantasy and the subsequent emerging guilt feelings which he saw as originating from the act itself. By 1930, Dr. F. W. W. Griffin, editor of The Scouter, had written in a book for Rover Scouts stating that the temptation to masturbate was "a quite natural stage of development" and, citing Ellis' work, held that "the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error." The work of sexologist Alfred Kinsey during the 1940s and 1950s, most notably the Kinsey Reports, insisted that masturbation was an instinctive behaviour for both males and females. In the US, masturbation has not been a diagnosable condition since DSM II (1968).[117] Thomas Szasz stated in 1973 the shift in scientific consensus:[59][60][118] "Masturbation: the primary sexual activity of mankind. In the nineteenth century it was a disease; in the twentieth, it's a cure."[61] In 2019, Encyclopædia Britannica endorses his conclusion (namely masturbation as a cure inside sex therapy).[70] Dörner and others wrote in their now classic book (1978): "Self-satisfaction is therefore a priceless good for the success of sexual pleasure, but also for other partnership and sexual relationships: for only if I can offer something to myself can I also offer it to someone else. ... Not self-satisfaction, but feelings closely correlated with it need among others help through counseling, respectively therapy!"[119] In the 1980s, Michel Foucault was arguing masturbation taboo was "rape by the parents of the sexual activity of their children". However, in 1994, when the Surgeon General of the United States Dr. Joycelyn Elders mentioned as an aside that it should be mentioned in school curricula that masturbation was safe and healthy, she was forced to resign,[68] with opponents asserting that she was promoting the teaching of how to masturbate. 21st century Both practices and cultural views of masturbation have continued to evolve in the 21st century, partly because the contemporary lifeworld is increasingly technical.[according to whom?] For example, digital photographs or live video may be used to share masturbatory experiences either in a broadcast format (possibly in exchange of money, as with performances by "camgirls" and "camboys"), or between members of a long-distance relationship. Teledildonics is a growing field. Masturbation has been depicted as a not-uncomplicated part of "Love in the 21st Century" in the BBC drama by the same name.[120] In modern culture Stigma Even though many medical professionals and scientists have found large amounts of evidence that masturbating is healthy[58][61][62][63][64][65][57][117] and commonly practiced by males and females, stigma on the topic still persists today. In November 2013, Matthew Burdette, after being filmed masturbating, committed suicide.[121][122][123] In an article published by the nonprofit organization Planned Parenthood Federation of America, it was reported that:[124] Proving that these ancient stigmas against masturbation are still alive and felt by women and men, researchers in 1994 found that half of the adult women and men who masturbate feel guilty about it (Laumann, et al., 1994. p.85). Another study in 2000 found that adolescent young men are still frequently afraid to admit that they masturbate (Halpern, et al., 2000, 327). Sperm donation Male masturbation may be used as a method to obtain semen for third party reproductive procedures such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation which may involve the use of either partner or donor sperm.[125][126] At a sperm bank or fertility clinic, a special room or cabin may be set aside so that semen may be produced by male masturbation for use in fertility treatments such as artificial insemination. Most semen used for sperm donation, and all semen donated through a sperm bank by sperm donors, is produced in this way. The facility at a sperm bank used for this purpose is known as a masturbatorium (US) or men's production room (UK). A bed or couch is usually provided for the man, and pornographic films or other material may be made available.[127] Encouragement In the UK in 2009, a leaflet was issued by the National Health Service in Sheffield carrying the slogan, "an orgasm a day keeps the doctor away". It also says: "Health promotion experts advocate five portions of fruit and veg a day and 30 minutes' physical activity three times a week. What about sex or masturbation twice a week?" This leaflet has been circulated to parents, teachers and youth workers and is meant to update sex education by telling older school students about the benefits of enjoyable sex. Its authors have said that for too long, experts have concentrated on the need for "safe sex" and committed relationships while ignoring the principal reason that many people have sex. The leaflet is entitled Pleasure. Instead of promoting teenage sex, it could encourage young people to delay losing their virginity until they are certain they will enjoy the experience, said one of its authors.[43][128] The Spanish region of Extremadura launched a programme in 2009 to encourage "sexual self-exploration and the discovery of self-pleasure" in people aged from 14 to 17. The €14,000 campaign includes leaflets, flyers, a "fanzine", and workshops for the young in which they receive instruction on masturbation techniques along with advice on contraception and self-respect. The initiative, whose slogan is, "Pleasure is in your own hands" has angered local right-wing politicians and challenged traditional Roman Catholic views. Officials from the neighbouring region of Andalucia have expressed an interest in copying the programme.[129] The text book Palliative care nursing: quality care to the end of life states, "Terminally ill people are likely no different from the general population regarding their masturbation habits. Palliative care practitioners should routinely ask their patients if anything interferes in their ability to masturbate and then work with the patient to correct the problem if it is identified."[130] Law The prosecution of masturbation has varied at different times, from complete illegality to virtually unlimited acceptance. In a 17th-century law code for the Puritan colony of New Haven, Connecticut, "blasphemers, homosexuals and masturbators" were eligible for the death penalty.[131] Often, masturbation in the sight of others is prosecuted under a general law such as public indecency, though some laws make specific mention of masturbation. In the UK, masturbating in public is illegal under Section 28 of the Town Police Clauses Act 1847. The penalty may be up to 14 days in prison, depending on a range of circumstantial factors.[132] In the US, laws vary from state to state. In 2010, the Supreme Court of Alabama upheld a state law criminalizing the distribution of sex-toys.[133] In the city of Charlotte, North Carolina, masturbating in public is a class 3 misdemeanour.[132] In 2013, a man found masturbating openly on a beach in Sweden was cleared of charges of sexual assault, the court finding that his activities had not been directed towards any specific person.[134] In many jurisdictions, masturbation by one person of another is considered digital penetration which may be illegal in some cases, such as when the other person is a minor. There is debate whether masturbation should be promoted in correctional institutions. Restrictions on pornography, used to accompany masturbation, are common in American correctional facilities. Connecticut Department of Corrections officials say that these restrictions are intended to avoid a hostile work environment for correctional officers.[135] Other researchers argue allowing masturbation could help prisoners restrict their sexual urges to their imaginations rather than engaging in prison rape or other non-masturbatory sexual activity that could pose sexually transmitted disease or other health risks.[136] Religious views Main article: Religious views on masturbation See also: Religion and sexuality and Sperm in vain (Judaism) A temple relief at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India features a couple in a sexual embrace with a man and a woman masturbating to either side. Religions vary broadly in their views of masturbation, from considering it completely impermissible (as in Roman Catholicism)[137] to encouraging and refining it (as, for example, in some Neotantra and Taoist sexual practices). Rites of passage The Sambia tribe of New Guinea has rituals and rites of passage surrounding manhood which lasts several years and involves ejaculation through fellatio often several times a day. Semen is valued and masturbation is seen as a waste of semen and is therefore frowned upon even though frequent ejaculation is encouraged. The capacity and need to ejaculate is developed or nurtured for years from an early age but through fellatio so that it can be consumed rather than wasted. Semen is ingested for strength and is considered in the same line as mothers' milk.[138][better source needed] Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that culminate in the first ejaculation of a male, usually by the hands of a tribal elder. In some tribes such as the Agta, Philippines, stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age.[139] Upon puberty, the young male is then paired off with a "wise elder" or "witch doctor" who uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony. The ceremony culminates in a public ejaculation before a celebration. The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children. In this and other tribes, the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate and his need than penis size. Popular culture Religious ecstasy illustrated as masturbation by Félicien Rops (1833–1898) Masturbation, 1911, copper engraving by Mihály Zichy Political Masturbation on Mass Media and Television, by Danny Sillada, 2009 Music In popular music, there are various songs that deal with masturbation. Some of the earliest examples are "My Ding-a-Ling" by Chuck Berry and "Mary Ann with the Shaky Hand" and "Pictures of Lily" by The Who.[140] More recent popular songs include "Rosie" by Jackson Browne, "Una luna de miel en la mano" by Virus, "I Touch Myself" by the Divinyls, "Very Busy People" by The Limousines, "Dancing With Myself" by Billy Idol, "Everyday I Die" by Gary Numan, "You're Makin' Me High" by Toni Braxton, "Holding My Own" by The Darkness, "Nickelodeon Girls" by Pink Guy, "Vibe On" by Dannii Minogue, "Orgasm Addict" by the Buzzcocks, "Captain Jack" by Billy Joel, "Blister in the Sun" by Violent Femmes, "Longview" by Green Day, "M+Ms" by Blink-182, "Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too" by Say Anything, "Touch of My Hand" by Britney Spears, "Fingers" and "U + Ur Hand" by P!nk,[141] "So Happy I Could Die" by Lady Gaga, "Masturbating Jimmy" by The Tiger Lillies, "When Life Gets Boring " by Gob, "Get a Grip" by Semisonic, and "Darling Nikki" by Prince. The 1983 recording "She Bop" by Cyndi Lauper, was one of the first fifteen songs ever required to carry Parental Advisory sticker for sexual content.[142] In a 1993 interview on The Howard Stern Show, Lauper claimed she recorded the vocal track in the nude.[143] The song "Masturbates" by rock group Mindless Self Indulgence also deals with the concept of auto-erotic activity in a punk framework. Literature The 1858 schoolboys' novel Eric, or, Little by Little was a tract against masturbation, but did not mention the subject except extremely obliquely as "Kibroth-Hattaavah" a place mentioned in the Old Testament where those that lusted after meat were buried. In October 1972, an important censorship case was held in Australia, leading to the banning of Philip Roth's novel Portnoy's Complaint in that country due to its masturbation references. The censorship led to public outcry at the time.[144] Further portrayals and references to masturbation have occurred throughout literature, and the practice itself has even contributed to the production of literature among certain writers, such as Wolfe, Balzac, Flaubert and John Cheever.[145] Perhaps the most famous fictional depiction of masturbation occurs in the "Nausicaa" episode of Ulysses by James Joyce. Here the novel's protagonist Bloom brings himself to covert climax during a public fireworks display after being aroused by a young woman's coy exhibitionism. Television In the Seinfeld episode "The Contest",[146] the show's main characters enter into a contest to see who can go the longest without masturbating. Because Seinfeld's network, NBC, did not think masturbation was a suitable topic for prime-time television, the word is never used. Instead, the subject is described using a series of euphemisms. "Master of my domain" became a part of the American lexicon from this episode. Another NBC show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, had a character known as the Masturbating Bear, a costume of a bear with a diaper covering its genitals. The Masturbating Bear would touch his diaper to simulate masturbation. Prior to leaving Late Night to become host of The Tonight Show, Conan O'Brien originally retired the character due to concerns about its appropriateness in an earlier time slot.[147] The Masturbating Bear however made his Tonight Show debut during the final days of Conan O'Brien's tenure as host of the Tonight Show. It was clear by then that Conan O'Brien was being removed from the show and he spent his last shows pushing the envelope with skits that typically would not be appropriate for the Tonight Show, one of which was the Masturbating Bear.[148] After much debate on whether or not he would be able to be used on Conan O'Brien's new TBS show, Conan, the Masturbating Bear made an appearance on the very first episode.[149] In March 2007 the UK broadcaster Channel 4 was to air a season of television programmes about masturbation, called Wank Week. (Wank is a Briticism for masturbate.) The series came under public attack from senior television figures, and was pulled amid claims of declining editorial standards and controversy over the channel's public service broadcasting credentials. However, its constituent films may yet be shown by the channel at a later date.[150][needs update] Film “Every Sperm Is Sacred” performed at the Monty Python reunion, Monty Python Live (Mostly), in July 2014 In Monty Python’s The Meaning of Life (1983), the song “Every Sperm Is Sacred” is a satire of Catholic teachings on reproduction that forbid masturbation (and contraception) by artificial means. In Talking Cock by comedian Richard Herring, the sketch is used to ridicule those who condemn masturbation (and sex) for any purpose other than procreation.[151] In American Pie (1999), Nadia (Shannon Elizabeth) discovers Jim's (Jason Biggs) pornography collection and while half-naked sitting on his bed masturbates to it. In American Reunion (2012), Noah (Eugene Levy) attempts to explain the potential joys and difficulties of Jim explaining masturbation to his future son.[152] Pornography Depictions of male and female masturbation are common in pornography, including gay pornography. Am Abend (1910), one of the earliest pornographic films that have been collected at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction,[153][154] starts with a female masturbation scene. Solo performances in gay pornography have been described in 1985 as "either or both active (tense, upright) and/or passive (supine, exposed, languid, available)", whereas female solo performances are said to be "exclusively passive (supine, spread, seated, squatted, orifices offered, etc.)".[155] Solo pornography recognized with AVN Awards include the All Alone series[156] and All Natural: Glamour Solos.[157] Other animals Main article: Masturbation in animals Masturbatory behavior has been documented in a very wide range of species. Individuals of some species have been known to create tools for masturbation purposes.[11] See also Adult video arcade Autoeroticism Autofellatio Cum shot Die große Nacht im Eimer Handjob Jugum penis, archaic anti-masturbation device National Masturbation Day Nocturnal emission Phone sex Self-love Sex doll Sex magic Venus Butterfly Medicine portal Human sexuality portal References Robinson, Jennifer (4 March 2010). "Masturbation – Is Masturbation Normal or Harmful? Who Masturbates? Why Do People Masturbate?". WebMD. Retrieved 17 August 2011. Lehmiller JJ (2017). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. John Wiley & Sons. p. 402. ISBN 978-1119164708. Masturbation refers to all solo forms of self-stimulation focusing on the genitals. Masturbation practices vary widely depending upon the individual's body and personal preferences. For instance, masturbation among women may involve manipulation of the clitoris and labia, stimulation of the breasts, or vaginal penetration with a sex toy. [...] Among men, masturbation most frequently involves using one or both hands to stimulate the penis. Of course, men sometimes utilize sex toys too (e.g., masturbation sleeves, butt-plugs, etc.). Nadal KL (2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender. SAGE. p. 1123. ISBN 978-1483384276. Masturbation is the act of touching or otherwise stimulating one's own body, particularly one's genitals, for the purpose of sexual pleasure and/or orgasm. The term is most commonly used to describe solitary masturbation, in which people provide themselves with sexual stimulation while they are physically alone. Mutual masturbation is when two or more people manually stimulate their own body or each other's bodies. Bruess CE, Schroeder E (2013). Sexuality Education Theory And Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 978-1449649289. Upton D (2014). Nursing & Health Survival Guide: Health Promotion. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 978-1317906179. Coleman, Eli (2012) [2002]. Bockting, Walter O.; Coleman, Eli (eds.). Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health (PDF). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7890-2047-5. OCLC 50913590. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2015. Despite the scientific evidence indicating that masturbation is generally a normal variant of sexual expression and that it does not seem to have a causal relationship with sexual pathology, negative attitudes about masturbation persist and it remains stigmatized. Messer, Drew C.; Walker, C. Eugene (6 December 2012) [2003]. "Masturbation". In Ollendick, Thomas H.; Schroeder, Carolyn S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-4615-0107-7. OCLC 913623298. Note: Messer's and Walker's article cannot be protected by copyright. Hallikeri, Vinay R.; Gouda, Hareesh S.; Aramani, Sunil C.; Vijaykumar, A.G.; Ajaykumar, T.S. (July–December 2010). "MASTURBATION—AN OVERVIEW". Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 27 (2): 46–49. ISSN 0971-1929. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Today, masturbatory act is considered as a healthy practice when done in private and an offence if done in the public in most of the countries. Poiani, Aldo (19 August 2010). Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–235, 394. ISBN 978-1-139-49038-2. "Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion". Petplace.com. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011. Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-19239-6. Retrieved 21 October 2015. (masturbate OR masturbation). Dally, Peter (1975). The Fantasy Factor. George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-297-76945-3. OED, s.v. masturbation(subscription required) Darby, Robert (1 September 2004). 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Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2019. Shuman, Tracy (February 2006). "Your Guide to Masturbation". WebMD, Inc./The Cleveland Clinic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Retrieved 29 July 2006. Knowles, Jon (November 2002). "Masturbation — From Stigma to Sexual Health" (PDF). Katharine Dexter McCormick Library/Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. Retrieved 29 July 2006. See here [1] and pages 47–49 for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in penile-vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 978-0-8147-1652-6. Retrieved 9 October 2011. Bryan Strong; Christine DeVault; Theodore F. Cohen (2010). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-534-62425-5. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. ...But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' … Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual activity (e.g. oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). … Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins'. "Mutual Masturbation". 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2010. — A biographical collection of data for a sociological repository on the topic of mutual masturbating to study changes on the activity over time. Heiby, Elaine; Becker, James D. (April 1980). "Effect of filmed modeling on the self-reported frequency of masturbation". Arch. Sex. Behav. 9 (2): 115–21. doi:10.1007/BF01542263. PMID 7396686. De Alwis, AC; Senaratne, AM; De Silva, SM; Rodrigo, VS (September 2006). "Bladder calculus presenting as excessive masturbation". Ceylon Med. J. 51 (3): 121–2. doi:10.4038/cmj.v51i3.1258. PMID 17315592. Ozmen, Mine; Erdogan, Ayten; Duvenci, Sirin; Ozyurt, Emin; Ozkara, Cigdem (2004). "Excessive masturbation after epilepsy surgery". Epilepsy & Behavior. 5 (1): 133–136. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.10.009. ISSN 1525-5050. PMID 14751219. Lopez-Meza, Elmer; Corona-Vasquez, Teresa; Ruano-Calderon, Luis A.; Ramirez-Bermudez, Jesus (2005). "Severe impulsiveness as the primary manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a young female". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 59 (6): 739–742. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01446.x. ISSN 1323-1316. PMID 16401253. Gerressu, Makeda; Mercer, Catherine H.; Graham, Cynthia A.; Wellings, Kaye; Johnson, Anne M. (27 February 2007). "Prevalence of Masturbation and Associated Factors in a British National Probability Survey". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 37 (2): 266–278. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9123-6. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 17333329. Brown, MD, George R. "Overview of Sexuality". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 26 July 2015. Slap, MD, Gail B.; Cataldo, RN, Ed.D., Laura Jean (7 June 2011). "Masturbation". In Longe, Jacqueline L. (ed.). The Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy Through Adolescence. 4 (Second ed.). Detroit, Mich.: Cengage Gale. p. 1404. ISBN 978-1-4144-8641-3. OCLC 712621295. Hansen, J.K.; Balslev, T. (November 2009) [2008]. "Hand activities in infantile masturbation: a video analysis of 13 cases". European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 13 (6): 508–10. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.10.007. ISSN 1090-3798. PMID 19010071. Infantile masturbation is considered a variant of normal behaviour. Nikkhah, Roya (12 July 2009). "NHS tells school children of their 'right' to 'an orgasm a day'". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2019. Giorgi, Giorgio; Siccardi, Marco (September 1996). "Ultrasonographic observation of a female fetus' sexual behavior in utero". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175 (3 Pt 1): 753. doi:10.1053/ob.1996.v175.aob17503a10. PMID 8828451. Heilborn, Maria Luiza; Cabral, Cristiane S. (2006). "Sexual practices in youth: analysis of lifetime sexual trajectory and last sexual intercourse". Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 22 (7): 1471–1481. doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2006000700011. ISSN 0102-311X. PMID 16791346. Menon, Anuradha; McAllister-Williams, R. Hamish; Watson, Stuart (4 October 2005). "Increased libido associated with quetiapine". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 20 (1): 125–127. doi:10.1177/0269881106059732. ISSN 0269-8811. PMID 16354735. Burleson, Mary H; Trevathan, Wenda R; Gregory, W.Larry (2002). "Sexual behavior in lesbian and heterosexual women: relations with menstrual cycle phase and partner availability". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 27 (4): 489–503. doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00066-x. ISSN 0306-4530. PMID 11912001. Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O. (1 January 2014). Psychology: Modules for Active Learning. Cengage Learning. p. 406. ISBN 978-1-305-16173-3. Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O.; Martini, Tanya S. (5 December 2016). Psychology: Modules for Active Learning. Cengage Learning. p. 407. ISBN 978-1-337-51708-9. Baker, Robin (June 1996). Sperm Wars: The Science of Sex. Diane Books Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7881-6004-2. Baker, Robin R.; Bellis, Mark A. (November 1993). "Human sperm competition: Ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm". Animal Behaviour. 46 (5): 87, 23p. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1272. Thomsen, Ruth (October 2000). Sperm Competition and the Function of Masturbation in Japanese Macaques (Text.PhDThesis). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Baker, Robin R.; Bellis, Mark A. (November 1993). "Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation". Animal Behaviour. 46 (5): 861, 25p. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1271. Shackelford, Todd K.; Goetz, Aaron T. (February 2007). "Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans" (PDF). Current Directions in Psychological Science. 16 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x. Planned Parenthood Federation of America (March 2003). "Masturbation: From myth to sexual health". Contemporary Sexuality. 37 (3): v. ISSN 1094-5725. OCLC 37229308. Finally, the American medical community pronounced masturbation as normal in 1972 American Medical Association publication, Human Sexuality (Rowan, 2000). McKinley Health Center (2 April 2008). "Masturbation: Questions and Answers" (PDF). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2017. Strassberg, Donald S.; Mackaronis, Julia E.; Perelman, Michael A. (2015). "Sexual dysfunctions". In Blaney, Paul H.; Krueger, Robert F.; Millon, Theodore (eds.). Oxford textbook of psychopathology (Third ed.). NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 441–442. ISBN 978-0-19-981177-9. OCLC 879552995. Porter, Robert S.; Kaplan, Justin L., eds. (2011). "Chapter 165. Sexuality and Sexual Disorders". The Merck Manual of Diagnosis & Therapy (19th ed.). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. ISBN 978-0-911910-19-3. Patton, Michael S. (June 1985). "Masturbation from Judaism to Victorianism". Journal of Religion and Health. 24 (2): 133–146. doi:10.1007/BF01532257. ISSN 0022-4197. PMID 24306073. Social change in attitudes toward masturbation has occurred at the professional level only since 1960 and at the popular level since 1970. [133] ... onanism and masturbation erroneously became synonymous... [134] ... there is no legislation in the Bible pertaining to masturbation. [135] Boulware, Jack (9 May 2000). "Sex educator says most people masturbate". Salon.com. Retrieved 27 August 2014. apud "Masturbation: Current medical opinions". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Szasz, Thomas S. (1974) [1973]. "Sex". The Second Sin. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7100-7757-8. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Masturbation: the primary sexual activity of mankind. In the nineteenth century it was a disease; in the twentieth, it's a cure. Shpancer, Noah (29 September 2010). "The Masturbation Gap. The pained history of self pleasure". Psychology Today. Retrieved 27 June 2013. The publication of Kinsey's and Masters and Johnson's research revealed that masturbation was both common and harmless. Many studies have since confirmed this basic truth, revealing in addition that masturbation is neither a substitute for "real" sex nor a facilitator of risky sex. Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O. (2014). "11. Gender and Sexuality". Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (14 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-305-54500-7. Is there any way that masturbation can cause harm? Seventy years ago, a child might have been told that masturbation would cause insanity, acne, sterility, or other such nonsense. "Self-abuse," as it was then called, has enjoyed a long and unfortunate history of religious and medical disapproval (Caroll, 2013). The modern view is that masturbation is a normal sexual behavior (Hogarth & Ingham, 2009). Enlightened parents are well aware of this fact. Still, many children are punished or made to feel guilty for touching their genitals. This is unfortunate because masturbation itself is harmless. Typically, its only negative effects are feelings of fear, guilt, or anxiety that arise from learning to think of masturbation as "bad" or "wrong." In an age when people are urged to practice "safer sex," masturbation remains the safest sex of all. Sigel, Lisa Z. (Summer 2004). "Masturbation: The History of the Great Terror by Jean Stengers; Ann Van Neck; Kathryn Hoffmann". Journal of Social History. 37 (4): 1065–1066. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0065. ISSN 0022-4529. JSTOR 3790078. Stengers and Van Neck follow the illness to its fairly abrupt demise; they liken the shift to finally seeing the emperor without clothes as doctors began to doubt masturbation as a cause of illness at the turn of the twentieth century. Once doubt set in, scientists began to accumulate statistics about the practice, finding that a large minority and then a large majority of people masturbated. The implications were clear: if most people masturbated and did not experience insanity, debility, and early death, then masturbation could not be held accountable to the etiology that had been assigned it. Masturbation quickly lost its hold over the medical community, and parents followed in making masturbation an ordinary part of first childhood and then human sexuality. Wood, Kate (March 2005). "Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health by Walter Bockting; Eli Coleman". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 7 (2): 182–184. ISSN 1369-1058. JSTOR 4005453. In the collection's introductory chapter, Eli Coleman describes how Kinsey's research half a century ago was the first in a series of studies to challenge widely prevalent cultural myths relating to the 'har Pay attention Link to post Share on other sites More sharing options...
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Somedude Posted August 14, 2020 Report Share Posted August 14, 2020 6 hours ago, Somedude said: IT'S TIME FOR YOU TO GET A DAMN 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